Leisure Time And Cultural Values Of Biodiversity Environmental Sciences Essay

Leisure Time And Cultural Values Of Biodiversity Environmental Sciences Essay Many people derive value from biodiversity through leisure activities such as hiking, birdwatching or natural history study. Biodiversity has inspired musicians, painters, sculptors, writers and other artists. Many culture groups view themselves as an integral part of the natural world and show respect for other living organisms. Popular activities such as gardening, fishkeeping and specimen collecting strongly depend on biodiversity. The number of species involved in such pursuits is in the tens of thousands, though the majority do not enter mainstream commerce. The relationships between the original natural areas of these often exotic animals and plants and commercial collectors, suppliers, breeders, propagators and those who promote their understanding and enjoyment are complex and poorly understood. It seems clear, however, that the general public responds well to exposure to rare and unusual organisms-they recognize their inherent value at some level. A family outing to the botanical garden or zoo is as much an aesthetic and cultural experience as an educational one. Philosophically it could be argued that biodiversity has intrinsic aesthetic and spiritual value to mankind in and of itself. This idea can be used as a counterweight to the notion that tropical forests and other ecological realms are only worthy of conservation because of the services they provide. Key words:Biodiversity;leisure,aesthetic Introduction Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or on an entire planet. Biodiversity is one measure of the health of biological systems. Life on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species. The year 2010 was declared the International Year of Biodiversity. Biodiversity is not consistent across the Earth. It is consistently rich in the tropics and in specific regions such as the Cape Floristic Province; it is less rich in polar regions where conditions support much less biomass. Rapid environmental changes typically cause extinctions.[1] 99.9Â  percent of species that have existed on Earth are now extinct.[2] Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions have led to large and sudden drops in Earthly biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity in the Cambrian explosion-a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. The next 400 million years was distinguished by periodic, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. The most recent, the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, occurred 65Â  million years ago, and has attracted more attention than all others because it killed the nonavian dinosaurs.[3] The term was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in a lay book[4] advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental policy. Use of the term by Thomas Lovejoy, in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology,[5] introduced the term to the scientific community. Until then the term natural diversity was common, including by The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy in an important 1975 study, The Preservation of Natural Diversity. By the early 1980s TNCs Science program and its head, Robert E. Jenkins,[6] Lovejoy and other leading conservation scientists at the time in America advocated the use of biological diversity. The terms contracted form biodiversity may have been coined by W.G. Rosen in 1985 while planning the National Forum on Biological Diversity organized by the National Research Council (NRC) which was to be held in 1986, and first appeared in a publication in 1988 when entomologist E. O. Wilson used it as the title of the proceedings[7] of that forum.[8] Human benefits Biodiversity supports a number of natural ecosystem processes and services.[10] Some ecosystem services that benefit society are air quality,[11] climate (e.g., CO2 sequestration), water purification, pollination, and prevention of erosion.[11] Since the stone age, species loss has accelerated above the prior rate, driven by human activity. The exact rate is uncertain, but it has been estimated that species are now being lost at a rate approximately 100 times as fast as is typical in the fossil record, or perhaps as high as 10,000 times as fast.[12] Land is being transformed from wilderness into agricultural, mining, lumbering and urban areas for humans. Non-material benefits include spiritual and aesthetic values, knowledge systems and the value of education..[9] Human health Biodiversitys relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.[13][14][15] This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change,[17] as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) Some of the health issues influenced by biodiversity include dietary health and nutrition security, infectious diseases, medical science and medicinal resources, social and psychological health.[18] One of the key health issues associated with biodiversity is that of drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources.[19] A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources; At least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare.[14] Moreover, only a tiny proportion of the total diversity of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Through the field of bionics, considerable advancement has occurred which would not have occurred without rich biodiversity. It has been argued, based on evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science, that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration (biopr ospecting) in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, neither of which have yielded the expected breakthroughs; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation.[20][21] Marine ecosystems are of particular interest in this regard,[22] although inappropriate bioprospecting has the potential to degrade ecosystems and increase biodiversity loss, as well as impacting the rights of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.[23][24][25]. Conservation of biodiversity Conservation biology matured in the mid- 20th century as ecologists, naturalists, and other scientists began to collectively research and address issues pertaining to global declines in biodiversity.[26][27][28] The conservation ethic differs from the preservationist ethic, originally led by John Muir, that seeks protected areas devoid of human exploitation or interference for profit.[27] The conservation ethic advocates management of natural resources for the purpose of sustaining biodiversity in species, ecosystems, the evolutionary process, and human culture and society. [26][28][29][30] Conservation biology is reforming around strategic plans that include principles, guidelines, and tools for the purpose of protecting biodiversity.[26][31][32] Conservation biology is crisis-oriented and multi-disciplinary, including ecology, social organization, education, and other disciplines outside of biology.[26][28] Preserving biodiversity is a global priority in strategic conservation plans that are designed to engage public policy and concerns affecting local, regional and global scales of communities, ecosystems, and cultures.[32] Action plans identify ways of sustaining human well-being, employing natural capital, market capital, and ecosystem services.[33][34] and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Strategies for biodiversity Strategically, focusing on areas of higher potential biodiversity promises greater return on investment than spreading conservation resources evenly or in areas of little diversity but greater interest in the conservation. A second strategy focuses on areas that retain most of their original diversity. These are typically non-urbanized, non-agricultural areas. Tropical areas often fit both sets of criteria, given their natively high diversity and relative lack of development.[35] However, many animal species are migratory, meaning that focusing only on specific locations is insufficient. Wildlife corridors can help support migration, and is considerably cheaper and easier than clearing/preserving entirely new areas. Some habitats may require restoration before standard conservation techniques can be effective. Conclusions Popular activities such as gardening, fishkeeping and specimen collecting strongly depend on biodiversity. The number of species involved in such pursuits is in the tens of thousands, though the majority do not enter mainstream commerce. The relationships between the original natural areas of these often exotic animals and plants and commercial collectors, suppliers, breeders, propagators and those who promote their understanding and enjoyment are complex and poorly understood. It seems clear, however, that the general public responds well to exposure to rare and unusual organisms-they recognize their inherent value at some level. A family outing to the botanical garden or zoo is as much an aesthetic and cultural experience as an educational one. Philosophically it could be argued that biodiversity has intrinsic aesthetic and spiritual value to mankind in and of itself. This idea can be used as a counterweight to the notion that tropical forests and other ecological realms are only worthy of conservation because of the services they provide.

Older Siblings: A Second Father Figure Essay

Older siblings! Role models, influences, they carry much more responsibility than it appears. Older siblings, whether they know it or not, shape their younger one’s character and personality. Parents are important, but the older sibling may reinforce or disprove some of the lessons that the parents teach. Younger siblings may not admit to it but they look up to their older sibling and they emulate them. Older siblings particularly serve as agents of socialization who teach younger siblings by example about informal social behaviors, like how to act around friends. Younger siblings are also highly susceptible to acquiring older siblings’ negative habits, including but not limited to: underage drinking and smoking. Here’s an example, let’s look at the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, some of you may have heard of them. Wilbur was 4 years older than Orville, they basically invented the airplane and had had the first controlled, powered flight. I think it’s safe to say that if Wilbur had never played with a toy ‘helicopter’ as a child, Orville never would have had the initial interest in flying. The same could be said for the Staal brothers, they play in the NHL. if Eric had never had interest in hockey and played baseball, Jordan, Marc and Jared never would have gotten into hockey. A lot of recent research shows that children learn undesirable behaviours like smoking, drinking and other delinquent acts from exposure to an older sibling’s behaviours as well as that of their sibling’s friends. It doesn’t matter if the siblings are of a similar age or spaced years apart, or of different gender. What is important was that parents encouraged siblings to develop a relationship where there is mutual respect. Parents are better at teaching the more formal settings – how to act in public or how to have manners at the dinner table. But siblings are better role models of the more informal behaviors: how to act at school or on the street, or, more importantly, how to act cool around friends. Siblings are closer to the social environments that children find themselves in during the majority of their day, which gives them a wider influence on them. Should parents support sibling closeness or not? Studies have shown that siblings may have positive or negative effects on their younger siblings. How would parents be able to moderate what the older sibling teaches to the younger one, or what traits rub off? The best method for it would be for the older sibling to have many positive habits, so that theyre is a greater chance of those habits rubbing off.

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French Revolution - 611 Words

Influenced Events in the French Revolution DeAnna Andrew HIS/114 April 1, 2014 Julie Thomas Influenced Events in the French Revolution What is a revolution? According to Merriam-Webster (2014), revolution is a fundamental change in political organization; especially: the overthrow or renunciation of one government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed. Various social, political, and economic conditions led to the revolution. These conditions included dissatisfaction among the lower and middle classes, interest in new ideas about government, and financial problems caused by the costs of wars. Due to fiscal irresponsibility and the hubris attitude of King Louis XVI and other rulers after him, the French were put†¦show more content†¦They gave the bourgeoisie entry to the propertied class, and power in their government, previously controlled by the aristocracy and the monarch alone. The model of equality was presented on the evening of August 4, with the removal of outdated rights. With the abolition of their inherited honor, the upper class was subject to the identical rules as all other French citizens, producing legal equality. Equality was further established in the Declaration of the Rights of man and citizen, making admission to public offices based on capacity, virtue and talent rather than heredity or status. This granted equality marked a shift in power from the privileged aristocracy of the old regime to the growing bourgeoisie class. The ideal of Fraternity was also exhibited in the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. With the abolition of aristocratic privilege and the rights granted by the Declaration, equality was granted to all citizens. The loyalty of this brotherhood had shifted from the monarch to the state, shown by the use of the word citizen when referring to fellow residents. This shift of loyalty was yet another example of the transition from the old order to the new. The ideals of Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity, were the driving forces of the French Revolution, and the collapse of the era of aristocratic privilege and power, to the new age with the rise of the bourgeoisie to power. The FrenchShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreRevolutions And The French Revolution956 Words   |  4 Pages Revolutions are a common occurrence throughout world history. With the amount of revolutions in history, there are those that get lost and those that are the most remembered or well known. One of the well known revolutions is the French Revolution which occurred in the years 1789 to 1799. Before the French Revolution, France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, this meaning that one ruler had the supreme authority and that said authority was not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pageswas an old fortress that had served as a royal prison and in which gunpowder was stored. This will be the place where Parisian crowds will lay siege on and use the gunpowder for their weapons, and this will become a great turning point in the French Revolution. 3) The Great Fear was the vast movement that the peasant insurgency of sacking nobles’ castles and burning documents would blend into. This attack was mainly because of seigneurial dues and church tithes that weighed heavily on many peasantsRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1180 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the historical timeline, one can see that the French Revolution derived after the Enlightenment, which brought different ways of thinking, and different outlooks on government and society (553),(555),(558). The Enlightenment also changed the world of public debate, and established some ideas central to the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 occurred due to government debt, class conflict, bankruptcy, the Enlightenment, and the rule of absolutism. These social, economic, and

Learning Temperance in Homer’s Odyssey Essay - 1522 Words

Learning Temperance in Homer’s Odyssey Being a work of importance in the western tradition of philosophy, The Odyssey is much more than some play written by Homer ages ago. Though The Odyssey certainly is a dramatic work and partially intended for entertainment, it also provides insight into the ways of thinking of the time it has been written in. Aside from illustrating the perspective of early Greek philosophy The Odyssey also raises certain questions pertaining to virtues and the morality of actions undertaken therein. Such questions and the pursuit of their answers may also lead to a better understanding of the actions taken in present-day society and the human condition in general. One of the virtues that is present†¦show more content†¦Thus, the mention of temperance is to henceforth refer to that precise self-restraint in conduct, expression, and indulgence of the appetites. However, it is also to draw upon Aristotles notion of the mean. When it comes to moral virtues, Aristotle provides the concept o f a mean in order to determine how much or how little of a specific attribute is to be exhibited by a character so that the proper dosage may become a moral virtue. The deficiency or excess of the attribute in question thus determines the resulting character of the individual. In the instance of fear, a deficiency produces recklessness (Baird). This can be related to The Odyssey well by taking the encounter with the Kyklopes and the blinding of Polyphemos by Odysseus companions. If Odysseus were satisfied with the amount of food attained prior to Polyphemos return, and not be so greedy as to go and take the stores of the Kyklops too, he may have returned to Ithaka years before his actual homecoming. Such is the course of action taken by the man skilled in all ways of contending, as to bring upon him the anger of Poseidon throughout The Odyssey. On the other hand, the excess of fear yields cowardice, which is certainly not a characteristic of any skilled man in The Odyssey. The strive thus, is to find the mean between deficiency and excess. To temper the attribute of fear into

Course Outline of Production Operation Management Free Essays

ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, RAWALPINDI MGT- 696 â€Å"Operations Management† BBA–6 (A B Sections) Spring 2013 Visiting Faculty Member:M. Javed Akhtar Ex- General Manager Training, OPF Ex-Director Gneral, NAVTEC Head Office Prime Minister’s Secretariat jam431@gmail. com Office Contact/Timings: 051-2541041 (direct), 0300-5338951(Cell) (0800 Hrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Course Outline of Production Operation Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now to 1500 Hrs. ) Course Coordinator Mr. Irfanullah Munir The Prologue This three credit Hrs. course is designed for services and manufacturing sectors, basically, meant for defining the real meaning of the Operations Management in any given organization. The primary objective of the course is to provide the students with an understanding of the theories, models, problems, issues, and techniques related to the management of operations both in manufacturing and service sectors. This includes analyses of various tasks performed and decisions made by operation managers, both tactically and strategically. The operations function plays a vital role in achieving a company’s strategic plans. Since the operations function produces the goods and provides the services, it typically involves the greatest portion of the company mployees and is responsible for a large portion of the firm’s capital assets. It has a major impact on quality and is often the visible face of company with which the customer must deal. Customer service, product/service, quality issues, and the effectiveness of many customer interactions are all operations activities. In the face of increased international competition, Pakistani firms have lost market share and have not responded by working to improve both their operating efficiencies and the quality of their goods and services. With this renewed emphasis on operations, it has become increasingly important that students have an understanding of operations management and its significance to the success of the companies where they will work. To gain a competitive edge, Pakistani organizations need sound production/operations strategies. This is particularly true today, given the pressures of global competition and the need to satisfy ever more demanding customers. Operations functions appear as a powerful tool for achieving organizational objectives and strategies. Learning Objectives The aim of this course is to provide a clear, well-structured and interesting treatment of Production/Operations Management as it applies to a variety of businesses and organizations. The course is intended to provide both a logical path through the activities of operations management and an understanding of the strategic context in which operations managers’ work. †¢ Strategic in its perspective of operations management’s contribution to the organization’s long-term success. We are unambiguous in treating the operation function as being at the center to most organization’s drive to improve their competitiveness. Conceptual in the way it explains the reasons why operations managers need to take decisions in each activity. Although some quantitative techniques are included, their primary aim is to illustrate the underlying principles of operation decisions. †¢ Comprehensive in its coverage of the significant ideas and issues which are relevant to most types of operations. †¢ Practical in the sense that the issues and difficulties in making operations management decisions in practice are discussed, and generally the treatment of topics reflects actual operations practice. This course is practical also that Case Exercise illustrating the approaches taken by actual companies are used to illustrate operations issues. Attendance Policy As you may all know very well by this time that the University (FUU) adheres to very strict attendance policy (i. e. minimum 75% mandatory attendance). As usual roll will be taken at the beginning of each class meeting. No one will be allowed to enter the classroom five minutes after the class starting time since it cause interruptions in the class activities. Professional conduct is expected throughout the course. Besides this, It is assumed that you have read all the policies and guidelines of the University regarding attendance, academic dishonesty, deadlines and so on and so forth Team Work There will be substantial Team work in this class. This is the need of today’s corporate world, and we have to learn how to pull our right slack while working in teams. Instructor as well as fellow team members, at end of the course, will evaluate each team member. Part of the grade of the team project(s) will be dependent on peer evaluations which is only for the developmental purposes and will be kept strictly confidential. Unannounced Quizzes There will be minimum four unannounced quizzes taken randomly throughout this course. Three best will be considered for grading. These quizzes will be handed out in the beginning of the class meetings and if you are late in class, you will miss that quiz. There are absolutely no make ups for these quizzes. Case Studies There may be cases assigned to groups and these cases will be resolved in team efforts. A short written report will be required along with the presentation of that case. Presenters will play the role of Management Consultants and the class will act as Board of Directors and will interact with the consultants at the end of the presentation to express their concerns and opinions. Term Project or Book Review You will be given case study or in lieu thereof book reviews relevant to the field of OM, Subject to availability of time. When awarded, details will be discussed in the class. Industrial Visit/Seminar An industrial visit and/or a seminar relating to the subject matter would be arranged. Grade Allocation and Breakdown |Weightage suggested by DBA |Weightage suggested by Teacher| |Unannounced quizzes/Book Review |10% |10% | |Assignment(s) / presentation / participation/discipline |15% |15% | |Midterm Examination |25% |25% | |Terminal / Final Examination |50% |50% | Course Contours and Schedule ? Current Academic Session 4th March 2013 onward ? Class Work32 Lectures (16 weeks) Teaching Time 48Hrs. 1st Week: ? Production and Operations Management: An Ov erview 2nd Week: ? Production System : Issues and Environment 3rd Week: ? Total Quality Management 4th Week: ? Need and Importance of Forecasting 5th Week: ? Qualitative Methods of Forecasting 6th Week: ? Quantitative Methods of Forecasting 7th week: ? Capacity Planning 8th Week: ? Facilities Planning ? Mid-term Examination 9th Week: ? Work System Design 10th Week: ? Managing Information for Operations System 11th Week: ? Aggregate Production Planning 12th Week: ? Just-in-Time (JIT) 13th Week: ? Scheduling Sequencing 14th Week: ? Issues in Materials Management 15th Week: Independent Dependent Demand Inventory System 16th Week: ? Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)/Computers in OM ** ? Final Examination (date to be announced later on) Recommended Readings Supplementary Readings | | IMPORTANT NOTE: ? The course outline is subject to change to a tune of about 10% if need arise. ? ** Subject to availability of time, the topics of â€Å"Advanced Manufacturing Systems† and â€Å" Computers in Operations Management† will also be covered. ———————– Issues in Production/ Operations Management Forecasting Operations System Design Planning Scheduling Materials Planning Emerging Issues in OM** How to cite Course Outline of Production Operation Management, Essay examples

Provided Various Advantages To The Society †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Provided Various Advantages To The Society? Answer: Introduction Cyber terrorism is a common word in modern world. The utilization of Internet has provided various advantages to the society. At the same time, this Internet has also turned out to be a terror for the society. All kinds of crime in todays world are conducted through Internet (Ahmad Yunos, 2012). Cyber terrorism can be defined as the violent and cruel acts that are conducted for threatening or harming an individual or sometimes an entire nation. This is done by using the Internet to disrupt the networks of computer or to conduct various terrorist activities. These are done deliberately with the intention of causing harm. The following report outlines a brief discussion on the cyber terrorism. It provides descriptions about the problems, challenges and relevant technologies. The report gives a brief description about the impact of cyber terrorism in the modern world. The lesson that can be learnt from the discussions is also mentioned here. The description is provided in the following paragraphs. Cyber Terrorism Cyber terrorism is the utilization of the information and communications technology or ICT and computer systems to generate dangerous disruption and severe fear in the cyber world (Hua Bapna, 2013). The utilization of Internet has provided various advantages to the society. At the same time, this Internet has also turned out to be a terror for the society. All kinds of crime in todays world are conducted through Internet (Awan Blakemore, 2016). Cyber terrorism can be defined as the violent and cruel acts that are conducted for threatening or harming an individual or sometimes an entire nation. This is caused by using the Internet. This is done intentionally with the intention of wrong deeds. Challenges Cyber terrorists attack and target those systems, which are completely operated and managed by computers (Taylor, Fritsch Liederbach, 2014). These systems include all the necessities of a society. The infrastructure of these systems include several utilities like the electricity and water supplies, finance, banking, transport systems, controlling of air traffic and many more. The other utilities that are attacked are the information technologies, supply networks and other physical facilities. These utilities are either destroyed or degraded for a certain period. This becomes a major challenge for the entire nation or state (Ahmad, Yunos Sahib, 2012). The terrorists break into the system and afterwards they take complete control of the system. The whole nation is affected through this type of attack. The cyber terrorism is a major challenge for all the citizens of a nation including the governing body. The major challenges of cyber terrorism include political challenge, legal challe nge, economic challenge and social challenge. This type of terrorist attacks affects the governing body or the political parties. The whole jurisdiction of a nation is well shaken, the moment such attacks occur. When the facilities are disrupted or stopped by the cyber terrorists, it creates a huge impact on the social and economic wellbeing of a nation (Awan, 2014). These challenges sometimes even turn out to be fatal and the nation and legal bodies are not able t control them. Problems There are several problems and issues that are related to cyber terrorism. The problems are as follows: Political Issue: This is the most dangerous problem of cyber terrorism. Most of the cyber attacks take place because of the act of revenge on the political parties, acting on the nation (Tehrani, Manap Taji, 2013). It is seen in various cases that political parties from other countries organize and hire cyber terrorists for attacking on any other nation. Inexpensive Infrastructure: This is another important issue in cyber terrorism. The weak infrastructure of any system opens the way for cyber terrorism and thus is affected severely. Simple Infrastructure: Simplicity of the infrastructure of any system is another issue of cyber terrorism. The terrorists can easily hack this type of systems and enter into it with the intention of terrorism (Uma Padmavathi, 2013). The infrastructure should be made somewhat complex so that the system cannot be hacked easily. Passwords: This is another problem for any information system. Passwords should be present in all systems and they should be updated periodically so that there exists no loopholes of hacking. Absence of Communication System for Government: This is again one of the most important problems of cyber terrorism. All governments should have systems for communication and cooperation (Ahmad Yunos, 2012). These system help in collection, distribution and sharing of all information related to security. Moreover, they detect the situation whenever there is a chance of cyber attack or a danger of such attacks. Lack of Adding and Revision of Legislation: Laws and regulations help a nation to meet its goals and objectives. The government should alter and modify the laws and rule periodically, especially for the criminal law, so that any terrorist will think twice before involving in cyber terrorism. Lack of International Cooperation: International cooperation helps a lot in case of cyber terrorism (Dawson, 2015). There is a restriction for all nations to conduct their search for terrorists. However, when they take help from international bodies, there is no limitation. Lack of international cooperation is another problem of cyber terrorism. Relevant Technologies Technologies are the most important things for any progress in modern world. They have provided several advantages to the world. However, at the same time they are the reason for threats of security in every aspect. (Ahmad, 2012) The most important technologies that welcome cyber terrorism in cyber world are as follows: i) Internet: This is the most important technology in todays world. Internet provides everything to the world. It has made the world smaller by providing the best applications. Similarly, in cyber terrorism, Internet is the most important technology required (Akhgar, Staniforth Bosco, 2014). Without Internet, the terrorists cannot do anything illegal. Everything is controlled, operated and managed by this Internet. ii) Mobile Phones: This is the second most important technology in modern world. Mobile phones has brought whole world in the hands of an individual. Any body can contact another person in fewer seconds (Eid, 2012). These phones are even used by the cyber terrorists for their illegal acts. They hack the phones of innocent citizens and utilize their identity for wrong deeds. Computer Systems: Internet is either operated through mobile phones or through several systems (Dawson, 2015). The cyber terrorists for conducting their terrorism and affecting other people utilize this technology. Impact of Cyber Terrorism Cyber terrorism creates an extremely strong impact on the social, economic, political and legal sectors of any nation. This type of terrorism affects the entire nation and all the citizens are shaken by this kind of terrorist attack. All fields are controlled by systems. These systems include all the necessities of a society (Jarvis, Macdonald Whiting, 2015). The infrastructure of these systems include several utilities like the electricity and water supplies, finance, banking, transport systems, controlling of air traffic and many more. The other utilities that are attacked are the information technologies, supply networks and other physical facilities. These utilities are either destroyed or degraded for a certain period of time. The main sufferers of this type of attacks are the citizens of the nation. The social sector of the country is affected (Bogdanoski Petreski, 2013). The second impact is on the economic sector. This type of terrorism mainly affects the economic sector of the nation. In many cases, it is seen that after attacking in a bank or organizations website, the terrorists are demanding ransom for their act. This affects a lot on the economic side of the country. The third impact is on the legal sector. All nations have their own rules and regulations. Whenever, this type of attack takes place, everybody blames the legislation of the country. The fourth impact is on the political sector of the country. Most of the cyber attacks take place because of the act of revenge on the political parties, acting on the nation (Bowman-Grieve, 2015). It is seen in various cases that political parties from other countries organize and hire cyber terrorists for attacking on any other nation. Most Important Lesson According to me, cyber terrorism is a dangerous crime that should be avoided and mitigated on the highest priority. I have got the lesson that any kind of breaching of data or harm caused to a nation is known as cyber terrorism. This has become a serious problem in modern cyber world. I have learnt that they are several challenges and issues of cyber terrorism like absence of legislation, lack of communication and cooperation agency and many more. I have also learnt that various technologies are used in this type of terrorism and there is various impact of these attacks. The most important lesson that I have learnt from the above discussions is that nobody should be involved in any cyber breaches or threats as this is illegal and lead the person to prison. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, cyber terrorism is one of the most vulnerable threat for cyber world. The utilization of Internet has provided various advantages to the society. At the same time, this Internet has also turned out to be a terror for the society. All kinds of crime in todays world are conducted through Internet. Cyber terrorism can be defined as the violent and cruel acts that are conducted for threatening or harming an individual or sometimes an entire nation. This is done by using the Internet to disrupt the networks of computer or to conduct various terrorist activities. These are done deliberately with the intention of causing harm. 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